Which option is not a theory of emotion

On the basis of this cover story, the men were injected with a shot of the neurotransmitter epinephrine, a drug that normally creates feelings of tremors, flushing, and accelerated breathing in people. The idea was to give all the participants the experience of arousal.

Then, according to random assignment to conditions, the men were told that the drug would make them feel certain ways. The men in the epinephrine informed condition were told the truth about the effects of the drug — that they would likely experience tremors, their hands would start to shake, their hearts would start to pound, and their faces might get warm and flushed. The participants in the epinephrine-uninformed condition, however, were told something untrue — that their feet would feel numb, they would have an itching sensation over parts of their body, and they might get a slight headache.

The idea was to make some of the men think that the arousal they were experiencing was caused by the drug the informed condition , whereas others would be unsure where the arousal came from the uninformed condition. Then the men were left alone with a confederate who they thought had received the same injection. He wadded up spitballs, flew paper airplanes, and played with a hula-hoop.

He kept trying to get the participant to join in with his games. Then right before the vision experiment was to begin, the participants were asked to indicate their current emotional states on a number of scales.

One of the emotions they were asked about was euphoria. If you are following the story, you will realize what was expected: The men who had a label for their arousal the informed group would not be experiencing much emotion because they already had a label available for their arousal.

The men in the misinformed group, on the other hand, were expected to be unsure about the source of the arousal. They needed to find an explanation for their arousal, and the confederate provided one. As you can see in Figure The participants in the misinformed condition were more likely to experience euphoria as measured by their behavioural responses with the confederate than were those in the informed condition.

Then Schachter and Singer conducted another part of the study, using new participants. Everything was exactly the same except for the behaviour of the confederate. Rather than being euphoric, he acted angry. He complained about having to complete the questionnaire he had been asked to do, indicating that the questions were stupid and too personal.

What do you think happened in this condition? Figure The idea is that because cognitions are such strong determinants of emotional states, the same state of physiological arousal could be labelled in many different ways, depending entirely on the label provided by the social situation. Because it assumes that arousal is constant across emotions, the two-factor theory also predicts that emotions may transfer or spill over from one highly arousing event to another.

My university basketball team recently won a basketball championship, but after the final victory some students rioted in the streets near the campus, lighting fires and burning cars. This seems to be a very strange reaction to such a positive outcome for the university and the students, but it can be explained through the spillover of the arousal caused by happiness to destructive behaviours.

The principle of excitation transfer refers to the phenomenon that occurs when people who are already experiencing arousal from one event tend to also experience unrelated emotions more strongly. In sum, each of the three theories of emotion has something to support it.

In terms of Cannon-Bard, emotions and arousal generally are subjectively experienced together, and the spread is very fast. In support of the James-Lange theory, there is at least some evidence that arousal is necessary for the experience of emotion, and that the patterns of arousal are different for different emotions. And in line with the two-factor model, there is also evidence that we may interpret the same patterns of arousal differently in different situations.

In addition to experiencing emotions internally, we also express our emotions to others, and we learn about the emotions of others by observing them. This communication process has evolved over time and is highly adaptive.

Nonverbal communication includes our tone of voice, gait, posture, touch, and facial expressions, and we can often accurately detect the emotions that other people are experiencing through these channels. Table Just as there is no universal spoken language, there is no universal nonverbal language. For instance, in Canada we express disrespect by showing the middle finger the finger or the bird. But in Britain, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand, the V sign made with back of the hand facing the recipient serves a similar purpose.

In countries where Spanish, Portuguese, or French are spoken, a gesture in which a fist is raised and the arm is slapped on the bicep is equivalent to the finger, and in Russia, Indonesia, Turkey, and China a sign in which the hand and fingers are curled and the thumb is thrust between the middle and index fingers is used for the same purpose.

The most important communicator of emotion is the face. The face contains 43 different muscles that allow it to make more than 10, unique configurations and to express a wide variety of emotions. For example, happiness is expressed by smiles, which are created by two of the major muscles surrounding the mouth and the eyes, and anger is created by lowered brows and firmly pressed lips. In addition to helping us express our emotions, the face also helps us feel emotion.

The facial feedback hypothesis proposes that the movement of our facial muscles can trigger corresponding emotions. Fritz Strack and his colleagues asked their research participants to hold a pen in their teeth mimicking the facial action of a smile or between their lips similar to a frown , and then had them rate the funniness of a cartoon.

They found that the cartoons were rated as more amusing when the pen was held in the smiling position — the subjective experience of emotion was intensified by the action of the facial muscles. These results, and others like them, show that our behaviours, including our facial expressions, both influence and are influenced by our affect.

We may smile because we are happy, but we are also happy because we are smiling. Ambady, N. Multiple Choice Questions. Mood is defined as a short-lived feeling being depressed for more than 1 month a prevailing state of feeling a temporary depression. Which of these supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?

The direct emotional circuit controlling fear comprises eye, thalamus, sensory cortex, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex eye, thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus eye, hypothalamus, visual cortex, striatum eye, geniculate nucleus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex. Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with depression? Which of the following is NOT an example of an intrinsically motivated activity? Which area of the brain is involved in the recognition of facial expressions and the proper emotion?

Emotion is the result of the brain's interpretation of a stimulus and simultaneously changes within the body. This is described in the. As Jimmy meets his blind date for the first time, he becomes extremely happy as a result of his brain interpreting the girl as attractive and his heart starting to pound at the same time.

This encounter is explained through which theory of emotion? Jimmy knew why his heart started to pound as he was experiencing fear from not knowing an example on the exam he was taking. Which theory of emotion described this situation?

Which theory of emotion suggests that emotions are the result of physiological changes in the body? Related Topics. More Emotion Quizzes. Why Am I Sad Quiz. Learning Objectives Describe the relationship between emotion and arousal according to the James—Lange theory. Key Takeaways Key Points The James—Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise as a result of physiological arousal —i.

According to the James—Lange theory, we experience emotions such as fear, sadness, and happiness only after physiological arousal such as the fight-or-flight response has occurred. One limitation of the James—Lange theory is that it is not known exactly what causes the changes in the body, so it is unclear whether they should be considered part of the emotion itself.

Critics of the James—Lange theory doubt that there is sufficient variation in physiological arousal to lead to the wide variety of emotions that we experience.

Key Terms visceral : Having to do with the response of the body as opposed to the intellect and rational thinking. Cannon—Bard Theory of Emotion The Cannon—Bard theory of emotion argues that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently. Key Takeaways Key Points The Cannon—Bard theory of emotion was developed in response to the James-Lange theory, which proposes that emotions arise from physical arousal.

In contrast, the Cannon—Bard theory argues that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently. According to the Cannon—Bard theory, when you see a venomous snake, you feel fear at exactly the same time that your autonomic nervous system responds. According to this theory, emotional expression results from activation of the subcortical centers of the brain.

Key Terms subcortical : Of or pertaining to the portion of the brain located below the cerebral cortex. Schachter—Singer Theory of Emotion Two-Factor Theory The Schachter—Singer theory views emotion as the result of the interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition.

Key Takeaways Key Points According to the Schachter—Singer theory of emotion also known as two-factor theory , emotions are the result of the interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition. According to the Schacter—Singer theory, physiological arousal is cognitively interpreted based on environmental context; this process culminates in emotional experience.

For example, if you were to see a venomous snake in your backyard, the Schachter—Singer theory argues that the snake would elicit a physiological response that would be cognitively labeled as fear based on the context. Key Terms autonomic : Acting or occurring involuntarily, outside of conscious control. The Facial Feedback Hypothesis The facial feedback hypothesis asserts that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions. Learning Objectives Explain the facial feedback hypothesis.

Key Takeaways Key Points According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial expressions are not only the results of our emotions but are also capable of influencing our emotions. Research investigating the facial feedback hypothesis has found that suppressing facial expressions of emotion may decrease how intensely those emotions are experienced.

Emotion is displayed not only through facial expression but also through tone of voice, behavior, and body language. Children who have autism spectrum disorder have difficulty recognizing the emotional states of others.

Research has shown that this may stem from an inability to identify facial expressions and other nonverbal expressions of emotion. Key Terms modulate : To regulate, adjust, or adapt.